Related provisions for BIPRU 4.6.1

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BIPRU 9.14.1RRP
This section applies to credit risk mitigation in relation to a securitisation position for a firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts using the IRB approach.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 37 (part)]
BIPRU 9.14.2RRP
Where a firm uses the ratings based method to calculate the risk weighted exposure amounts of securitisation positions, the firm may recognise credit risk mitigation in accordance with BIPRU 9.14.4 R to BIPRU 9.14.6 R.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 51]
BIPRU 9.14.3RRP
Where a firm uses the supervisory formula method to calculate the risk weighted exposure amounts of securitisation positions, the firm may recognise credit risk mitigation in accordance with BIPRU 9.14.4 R to BIPRU 9.14.5 R and BIPRU 9.14.7 R to BIPRU 9.14.13 R.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 54]
BIPRU 9.14.4RRP
Eligible funded protection is limited to that which is eligible for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach as laid down under BIPRU 5 and recognition is subject to compliance with the relevant minimum requirements as laid down under BIPRU 5.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 60]
BIPRU 9.14.6RRP
Where risk weighted exposure amounts are calculated using the ratings based method, the exposure value and/or the risk weighted exposure amount for a securitisation position in respect of which credit protection has been obtained may be modified in accordance with the provisions of BIPRU 5 (Credit risk mitigation) as they apply for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach set out in BIPRU 3.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 62]
BIPRU 9.14.7RRP
BIPRU 9.14.8 RBIPRU 9.14.10 R apply where risk weighted exposure amounts are calculated using the supervisory formula method where there is full credit protection.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 63 (part)]
BIPRU 9.14.8RRP
A firm must determine the effective risk weight of the position. It must do this by dividing the risk weighted exposure amount of the position by the exposure value of the position and multiplying the result by 100.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 63 (part)]
BIPRU 9.14.9RRP
In the case of funded credit protection, the risk weighted exposure amount of the securitisation position must be calculated by multiplying the funded protection-adjusted exposure amount of the position (E*, as calculated under BIPRU 5.4.28 R (3), taking the amount of the securitisation position to be E) by the effective risk weight.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 64]
BIPRU 9.14.10RRP
In the case of unfunded credit protection, the risk weighted exposure amount of the securitisation position must be calculated by multiplying GA (the amount of the protection adjusted for any currency mismatch and maturity mismatch in accordance BIPRU 5.7.23 R (2)) by the risk weight of the protection provider; and adding this to the amount arrived at by multiplying the amount of the securitisation position minus GA by the effective risk weight.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point
BIPRU 9.14.11RRP
BIPRU 9.14.12 RBIPRU 9.14.13 R apply where risk weighted exposure amounts are calculated using the supervisory formula method where there is partial protection.
BIPRU 9.14.13RRP
In other cases the firm must treat the securitisation position as two or more positions with the uncovered portion being the position with the lower credit quality. For the purposes of calculating the risk weighted exposure amount for this position, the provisions in BIPRU 9.12.22 R to BIPRU 9.12.24 G apply subject to the modifications that T is adjusted to e* in the case of funded credit protection; and to T-g in the case of unfunded credit protection, where e* denotes the ratio
BIPRU 4.1.6GRP
The IRB approach is an alternative to the standardised approach for calculating a firm's credit risk capital requirements. It may be applied to all a firm'sexposures or to some of them, subject to various limitations on partial use as set out in BIPRU 4.2. Under the IRB approach capital requirements are based on a firm's own estimates of certain parameters together with other parameters set out in the Banking Consolidation Directive.
BIPRU 4.1.7GRP
Exposures are divided into a number of distinct exposure classes. These are listed in BIPRU 4.3.2 R. There is a special treatment for purchased receivables, although they do not form an exposure class on their own.
BIPRU 4.1.8GRP
For exposures in the sovereign, institution and corporate IRB exposure class, there is a foundation IRB approach under which a firm provides its own estimates of PD and an advanced IRB approach under which a firm additionally provides its own estimates of LGD and conversion factors. The distinction between the foundation IRB approach and the advanced IRB approach only applies to this IRB exposure class.
BIPRU 4.1.9GRP
For retail exposures, a firm provides its own estimates of PD, LGD and conversion factors.
BIPRU 4.1.10GRP
For the corporate exposure class there is a separate sub-class of specialised lending exposure. A firm may calculate risk weights for these exposures, where it is able to do so, in the same way as it does for the rest of its corporate exposure class, i.e. using the foundation IRB approach or the advanced IRB approach. Where a firm is not able to use this approach it may calculate risk weights for specialised lending exposures by slotting them into predetermined risk weights.
BIPRU 4.1.11GRP
For equity exposures there are two approaches based on market based measures and a third under which a firm uses its own estimates of PD only.
BIPRU 4.1.14GRP
(1) The appropriate regulator will only grant an IRB permission if it is satisfied that the firm's systems for the management and rating of credit risk exposures are sound and implemented with integrity and, in particular, that they meet the standards in BIPRU 4.2.2 R in accordance with the minimum IRB standards.(2) Under BIPRU 4.2.11 R, a firm applying for an IRB permission is required to demonstrate that it has been using for the IRB exposure classes in question rating systems
BIPRU 4.1.16RRP
A firm must calculate its credit risk capital component as the sum of:(1) (for exposures to which the standardised approach is applied) the credit risk capital component as calculated under BIPRU 3.1.5 R; and(2) (for exposures to which the IRB approach is applied to which the standardised approach would otherwise apply in accordance with BIPRU 3.1.5 R (Credit risk capital component)), 8% of the total of the firm'srisk weighted exposure amounts calculated in accordance with the
BIPRU 4.1.17GRP
For exposures covered by an IRB permission, BIPRU 5 (Credit risk mitigation) is modified by BIPRU 4.10.
BIPRU 4.1.19GRP
Exposures treated under BIPRU 13 are required to be dealt with in accordance with the IRB approach to the extent set out in BIPRU 13.
BIPRU 4.1.20GRP
By modifying GENPRU 2.1.51 R to allow the firm to use the IRB approach to calculate all or part of its risk weighted exposure amounts, the appropriate regulator is treating it like an application rule. The modification means that the provisions of BIPRU relating to the IRB approach supersede the rules relating to the standardised approach for exposures coming within the scope of the IRB permission.
BIPRU 4.1.23RRP
If a provision of the Handbook relating to the IRB approach says that a firm may do something if its IRB permission allows it, a firm may do that thing unless its IRB permission expressly says that it may not do so except that:(1) BIPRU 4.2.18 R - BIPRU 4.2.19 R (Sequential implementation of IRB approach) and BIPRU 4.2.26 R (1)-BIPRU 4.2.26R (5) (Combined use of standardised approach with IRB approach) only apply if expressly permitted by a firm'sIRB permission;(2) a firm may
MIPRU 4.2A.3GRP
A firm may use credit risk mitigation to reduce the credit risk associated with an exposure. The firm 3should refer to MIPRU 4.2C3 to determine the effect of credit risk mitigation on its 3risk weighted exposure amounts.33
MIPRU 4.2A.4RRP
The credit risk capital requirement3of a firm is 8% of the total of its risk weighted exposure amounts for exposures that:3(1) are on its balance sheet; and(2) derive from: (a) a loan entered into; or(b) a securitisation position originated; or(c) a fund3position entered into;3on or after 26 April 2014; and (3) have not been deducted from the firm'scapital resources under MIPRU 4.4.4 R or MIPRU 4.2BA;calculated in accordance with MIPRU 4.2A.
MIPRU 4.2A.4ARRP
Loans, securitisation positions and fund positions entered into before 26 April 2014 are excluded from the credit risk capital requirement calculation.
MIPRU 4.2A.6RRP
Unless a rule requires otherwise, the 3exposure value of an asset or liability held on the balance sheet of a firm3must be its balance sheet value.33
MIPRU 4.2A.6ARRP
3A firm must assign each exposure to one of the following exposure classes: (1) loans or contingent loans secured on real estate property;(2) other loans;(3) securitisation positions; (4) exposures in the form of funds; or(5) past due items.
MIPRU 4.2A.9RRP
For the purposes of applying a risk weight, the exposure value must be multiplied by the risk weight determined in accordance with MIPRU 4.2A.10 R, MIPRU 4.2A.10A R, MIPRU 4.2A.10B R, 3MIPRU 4.2A.11 R, MIPRU 4.2A.12 R or 3MIPRU 4.2A.17 R, unless it is deducted from capital resources under MIPRU 4.4.4 R or MIPRU 4.2BA3.
MIPRU 4.2A.10RRP
To calculate risk weighted exposure amounts on exposures secured by mortgages on residential property, risk weights must be applied to all such exposures, in accordance with MIPRU 4.2F.4 R to MIPRU 4.2F.10 G3.33
MIPRU 4.2A.10ARRP
3To calculate risk weighted exposure amount on exposures secured by mortgages on commercial property, risk weights must be applied to all such exposures in accordance with MIPRU 4.2F.37 R.
MIPRU 4.2A.10BRRP
3To calculate risk weighted exposure amounts on other loans, risk weights must be applied to all such exposures in accordance with MIPRU 4.2F.38 R.
MIPRU 4.2A.11RRP
To calculate risk weighted exposure amounts on exposures in funds3, risk weights must be applied to all such exposures, in accordance with MIPRU 4.2F.39 R to MIPRU 4.2F.49 R3.333
MIPRU 4.2A.12RRP
To calculate risk weighted exposure amounts3for securitised exposures, risk weights3 must be calculated in accordance with 3MIPRU 4.2BA (Securitisation)3.3
MIPRU 4.2A.17ARRP
(1) 3The application of risk weights must be based on the exposureclass to which the exposure is assigned and, to the extent specified in MIPRU 4.2BA and MIPRU 4.2F (Exposures and risk weights), its credit quality.(2) Credit quality must be determined by reference to solicited credit assessments of eligible ECAIs where these are available, in accordance with MIPRU 4.2E (Use of external credit assessments).
MIPRU 4.2A.17BRRP
3Where an exposure is subject to credit risk mitigation, the risk weighted exposure amount applicable to that item may be modified in accordance with MIPRU 4.2C (Credit risk mitigation).
BIPRU 5.2.1RRP
A firm using the standardised approach may recognise credit risk mitigation in accordance with BIPRU 5 in the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts for the purposes of the calculation of the credit risk capital component.[Note: BCD Article 91]
BIPRU 5.2.5RRP
In the case of funded credit protection:(1) to be eligible for recognition the assets relied upon must be sufficiently liquid and their value over time sufficiently stable to provide appropriate certainty as to the credit protection achieved having regard to the approach used to calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and to the degree of recognition allowed; eligibility is limited to the assets set out in the CRM eligibility conditions; and(2) the lending firm must have the
BIPRU 5.2.7RRP
In the case of unfunded credit protection:(1) to be eligible for recognition the party giving the undertaking must be sufficiently reliable, and the protection agreement legally effective and enforceable in the relevant jurisdictions, to provide appropriate certainty as to the credit protection achieved having regard to the approach used to calculate risk weighted exposure amounts and to the degree of recognition allowed; and(2) eligibility is limited to the protection providers
BIPRU 5.2.10RRP
Notwithstanding the presence of credit risk mitigation taken into account for the purposes of calculating risk weighted exposure amounts and as relevant expected loss amounts, a firm must continue to undertake full credit risk assessment of the underlying exposure and must be in a position to demonstrate to the appropriate regulator the fulfilment of this requirement. In the case of repurchase transactions and/or securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions the
BIPRU 5.2.11RRP
Where the requirements of BIPRU 5.2.2 R to BIPRU 5.2.8 R are met the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts, may be modified in accordance with BIPRU 5.[Note: BCD Article 93(1)]
BIPRU 5.2.12RRP
No exposure in respect of which credit risk mitigation is obtained may produce a higher risk weighted exposure amount than an otherwise identical exposure in respect of which there is no credit risk mitigation.[Note: BCD Article 93(2)]
BIPRU 5.2.13RRP
Where the risk weighted exposure amount already takes account of credit protection under the standardised approach the calculation of the credit protection must not be further recognised under BIPRU 5.[Note: BCD Article 93(3)]
BIPRU 5.2.14RRP
Subject to BIPRU 5.8, BIPRU 5.9 and BIPRU 5.7.27 R to BIPRU 5.7.28 R, where the CRM eligibility conditions and the CRM minimum requirements are satisfied, the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach may be modified in accordance with the provisions of BIPRU 5.[Note: BCD Annex VIII Part 3 point 1]
IFPRU 4.2.1RRP
For the purposes of article 115 of the EU CRR (Exposures to regional governments or local authorities), a firm may treat exposures to the following regional governments as exposures to the UK central government:(1) The Scottish Parliament;(2) The National Assembly for Wales; and(3) The Northern Ireland Assembly.
IFPRU 4.2.2GRP
Where the FCA has published evidence showing that a well-developed and long-established residential property market is present in that territory with loss rates which do not exceed the limits in article 125(3) of the EU CRR (Exposures fully and completely secured by mortgages on residential property), a firm does not need to meet the condition in article 125(2)(b) of the EU CRR in order to consider an exposure, or any part of an exposure, as fully and completely secured for the
IFPRU 4.2.3RRP
For the purposes of articles 124(2) and 126(2) of the EU CRR, and in addition to the conditions in those regulations, a firm may only treat exposures as fully and completely secured by mortgages on commercial immovable property located in the UK1 in line with article 126 where annual average losses stemming from lending secured by mortgages on commercial property in the UK did not exceed 0.5% of risk-weighted exposure amounts over a representative period. A firm must calculate
IFPRU 4.2.6GRP
Where an exposure is denominated in a currency other than the euro, the FCA expects a firm to use appropriate and consistent exchange rates to determine compliance with relevant thresholds in the EU CRR. Accordingly, a firm should calculate the euro equivalent value of the exposure for the purposes of establishing compliance with the aggregate monetary limit of €1 million for retail exposures using a set of exchange rates the firm considers to be appropriate. The FCA expects a
IFPRU 4.2.7GRP
The FCA considers an Ijara mortgage to be an example of an exposure to a tenant under a property leasing transaction concerning residential property under which the firm is the lessor and the tenant has an option to purchase. Accordingly, the FCA expects exposures to Ijara mortgages to be subject to all of the requirements that apply to exposures secured by mortgages on residential property, including in respect of periodic property revaluation (see articles 124 and 125 of the
IFPRU 4.2.8GRP
The FCA expects a firm with exposure to a lifetime mortgage to inform the FCA of the difference in the own funds requirements on those exposures under the EU CRR and the credit risk capital requirement that would have applied under BIPRU 3.4.56A R.The FCA will use this information in its consideration of relevant risks in its supervisory assessment of the firm (see articles 124, 125 and 208 of the EU CRR).
IFPRU 4.2.9GRP
When determining the portion of a past due item that is secured, the FCA expects the secured portion of an exposure covered by a mortgage indemnity product that is eligible for credit risk mitigation purposes under Part Three, Title II, Chapter 4 of the EU CRR (Credit risk mitigation) to qualify as an eligible guarantee (see article 129(2) of the EU CRR).
IFPRU 4.2.10GRP
When determining whether exposures in the form of units or shares in a CIU are associated with particularly high risk, the FCA expects the following features would be likely to give rise to such risk:(1) an absence of external credit assessment of such CIU from an ECAI recognised under article 132(2) of the EU CRR (Items representing securitisation positions) and where such CIU has specific features (such as high levels of leverage or lack of transparency) that prevent it from
IFPRU 4.2.11GRP
The FCA expects a firm's assessment of whether types of exposure referred to in article 128(3) of the EU CRR are associated with particularly high risk to include consideration of exposures arising out of a venture capital business (whether the firm itself carries on the venture capital business or not) . The FCA considers "venture capital business" to include the business of carrying on any of the following:(1) advising on investments, managing investments, arranging (bringing
BIPRU 3.6.5RRP
A firm which decides to use the credit assessments produced by an eligible ECAI for a certain class of items must use those credit assessments consistently for all exposures belonging to that class.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 2]
BIPRU 3.6.11RRP
(1) If a firm has decided to make use of the credit assessments of export credit agencies, when risk weightingexposures to central governments or central banks, if two or more credit assessments are available to a firm from export credit agencies or if credit assessments are available to a firm from both nominated ECAIs and export credit agencies, the firm must adopt the approach in this rule.(2) If two credit assessments are available and correspond to different risk weights
BIPRU 3.6.12RRP
Where a credit assessment exists for a specific issuing program or facility to which the item constituting the exposure belongs, this credit assessment must be used to determine the risk weight to be assigned to that item.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 8]
BIPRU 3.6.13RRP
Where no directly applicable credit assessment exists for a certain item, but a credit assessment exists for a specific issuing program or facility to which the item constituting the exposure does not belong or a general credit assessment exists for the issuer, then that credit assessment must be used if it produces a higher risk weight than would otherwise be the case or if it produces a lower risk weight and the exposure in question ranks pari passu or senior in all respects
BIPRU 3.6.16RRP
Short-term credit assessments may only be used for short-term asset and off-balance sheet items constituting exposures to institutions and corporates.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 12]
BIPRU 3.6.18RRP
Notwithstanding BIPRU 3.6.17 R, if a short-term rated facility is assigned a 150% risk weight, then all unrated unsecured exposures on that obligor whether short-term or long-term must also be assigned a 150% risk weight.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 14]
BIPRU 3.6.19RRP
Notwithstanding BIPRU 3.6.17 R, if a short-term rated facility is assigned a 50% risk weight, no unrated short-term exposure may be assigned a risk weight lower than 100%.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 15]
BIPRU 3.6.20RRP
A credit assessment that refers to an item denominated in the obligor's domestic currency cannot be used to derive a risk weight for another exposure on that same obligor that is denominated in a foreign currency.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 16]
BIPRU 3.6.21RRP
Notwithstanding BIPRU 3.6.20 R, when an exposure arises through a firm's participation in a loan that has been extended by a multilateral development bank whose preferred creditor status is recognised in the market, the credit assessment on the obligors' domestic currency item may be used for risk weighting purposes.[Note: BCD Annex VI Part 3 point 17]
BIPRU 4.5.1RRP
BIPRU 4.5 applies with respect to the exposures referred to in BIPRU 4.5.3 R.
BIPRU 4.5.3RRP
Within the corporate exposureIRB exposure class, a firm must separately identify as specialised lending exposures, exposures which possess the following characteristics:(1) the exposure is to an entity which was created specifically to finance and/or operate physical assets;(2) the contractual arrangements give the lender a substantial degree of control over the assets and the income that they generate; and(3) the primary source of repayment of the obligation is the income generated
BIPRU 4.5.4RRP
If a firm is using or is applying to use the advanced IRB approach for some or all of its exposures in the sovereign, institution and corporate IRB exposure class, then specialised lending exposures treated under BIPRU 4.5.8 R (Slotting) must be treated as being dealt with under the advanced IRB approach for the purposes of the calculations in BIPRU 4.2.30 R and BIPRU 4.2.31 R. If a firm is not using or applying to use the advanced IRB approach for any of its exposures in the
BIPRU 4.5.5RRP
A firm using the methods set out in BIPRU 4.5.8 R (Slotting) for assigning risk weights for specialised lending exposures is exempt from the requirement to have an obligor rating scale which reflects exclusively quantification of the risk of obligor default for these exposures. Notwithstanding BIPRU 4.4.7 R (Seven grades for exposures to sovereigns, institutions and corporates), a firm must have for these exposures four grades for non-defaulted obligors and one grade for defaulted
BIPRU 4.5.6RRP
(1) A firm using the methods set out in BIPRU 4.5.8 R (Slotting) for assigning risk weights for specialised lending exposures must assign each of these exposures to a grade in accordance with BIPRU 4 Annex 1 R, taking into account the following factors:(a) financial strength;(b) political and legal environment;(c) transaction and/or asset characteristics;(d) strength of the sponsor and developer including any public private partnership income stream; and(e) security package.(2)
BIPRU 4.5.7RRP
Notwithstanding BIPRU 4.3.5 R (Use of relevant parameters for calculating risk weighted exposure amounts), the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts for credit risk for specialised lending exposures may be calculated in accordance with BIPRU 4.5.8 R.[Note:BCD Article 87(5)]
BIPRU 4.5.8RRP
For specialised lending exposures in respect of which a firm cannot demonstrate that its PD estimates meet the minimum IRB standards it must assign risk weights to these exposures according to the table in BIPRU 4.5.9 R.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 6 (part)]
BIPRU 4.5.10RRP
A firm may generally assign preferential risk weights of 50% to exposures in category 1, and a 70% risk weight to exposures in category 2 if:(1) its IRB permission allows this; and(2) the firm's underwriting characteristics and other risk characteristics are substantially strong for the relevant category.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 6 (part)]
BIPRU 4.5.12RRP
The EL values for specialised lending exposures where a firm uses the methods set out in BIPRU 4.5.8 R for assigning risk weights must be assigned according to the table in BIPRU 4.5.13 R.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 31 (part)]
BIPRU 4.5.14RRP
Where a firm'sIRB permission authorises it generally to assign preferential risk weights as outlined in BIPRU 4.5.10 R of 50% to exposures in category 1, and 70% to exposures in category 2, the EL value for exposures in category 1 must be 0%, and for exposures in category 2 must be 0.4%.[Note:BCD Annex VII Part 1 point 31 (part)]
BIPRU 9.4.1RRP
The originator of a traditional securitisation may exclude securitised exposures from the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts and expected loss amounts if either of the following conditions is fulfilled:(1) 2significant credit risk associated with the securitised exposures is considered to have been transferred to third parties; or(2) 2the originator applies a 1250% risk weight to all securitisation positions it holds in the securitisation or deducts these securitisation
BIPRU 9.4.3RRP
The securitised exposures must be put beyond the reach of the originator and its creditors, including in bankruptcy and receivership. This must be supported by the opinion of qualified legal counsel.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 2 point 1 (part)]
BIPRU 9.4.7RRP
The originator must not maintain effective or indirect control over the transferred exposures.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 2 point 1 (part)]
BIPRU 9.4.8RRP
Where there is a clean-up call option, the following conditions must be satisfied:(1) the clean-up call option is exercisable at the discretion of the originator;(2) the clean-up call option may only be exercised when 10% or less of the original value of the exposuressecuritised remains unamortised; and(3) the clean-up call option is not structured to avoid allocating losses to credit enhancement positions or other positions held by investors and is not otherwise structured to
BIPRU 9.4.9RRP
The securitisation documentation must not contain clauses that:(1) other than in the case of early amortisation provisions, require positions in the securitisation to be improved by the originator including but not limited to altering the underlying credit exposures or increasing the yield payable to investors in response to a deterioration in the credit quality of the securitised exposures; or(2) increase the yield payable to holders of positions in the securitisation in response
BIPRU 9.4.10RRP
For the purposes of BIPRU 9.4.7 R, an originator will be considered to have maintained effective control over the transferred exposures if it has the right to repurchase from the transferee the previously transferred exposures in order to realise their benefits or if it is obligated to re-assume transferred risk. The originator's retention of servicing rights or obligations in respect of the exposures does not of itself constitute indirect control of the exposures.[Note:BCD Annex
BIPRU 9.4.11RRP
2Significant credit risk will be considered to be transferred for an originator in the following cases:(1) 2the risk weighted exposure amounts of the mezzanine securitisation positions held by the originator in the securitisation do not exceed 50% of the risk weighted exposure amounts of all mezzanine securitisation positions existing in this securitisation;(2) 2where there are no mezzanine securitisation positions in a given securitisation and the originator can demonstrate that
BIPRU 9.4.12RRP
2An originator must notify the appropriate regulator that it is relying on the deemed transfer of significant credit risk under BIPRU 9.4.11R within a reasonable period before or after a relevant transfer, not being later than one month after the date of the transfer. The notification must include the following information:(1) 2the risk weighted exposure amount of the securitised exposures and retained securitisation positions; (2) 2the exposure value of the securitised exposures
BIPRU 9.4.13GRP
2In the event that the appropriate regulator decides that the possible reduction in risk weighted exposure amounts which the originator would achieve by the securitisation referred to in BIPRU 9.4.11R is not justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties, it will use its powers under section 55J (Variation etc on the Authority's own initiative) of the Act to require the firm to increase its risk weight exposure amount to an amount commensurate with the appropriate
IFPRU 8.2.3GRP
This section contains the rules that exercise the discretion afforded to the FCA as competent authority under article 400(2)(c) and (3) of the EU CRR (Large exposures: exemptions). The FCA does not intend to exercise its discretion for any of the other exemptions in article 400(2).
IFPRU 8.2.4GRP
Article 400(2) of the EU CRR permits the FCA to fully or partially exempt exposures incurred by a firm to intra-group undertakings that meet the specified criteria from the limit stipulated in article 395(1) of the EU CRR in relation to a firm's group of connected clients that represent its wider group. The FCA will consider exempting non-trading book and trading book exposures to intra-group undertakings if specified conditions throughout IFPRU 8.2 are met.
IFPRU 8.2.6RRP
A firm with a non-core large exposures grouppermission may (in line with that permission) exempt, from the application of article 395(1) of the EU CRR (Limits to large exposures), exposures, including participations or other kinds of holdings, incurred by a firm to:(1) its parent undertaking; or(2) other subsidiary undertakings of that parent undertaking; or(3) its own subsidiary undertakings;in so far as those undertakings are covered by the supervision on a consolidated basis
IFPRU 8.2.7RRP
A firm may only make use of the non-core large exposure group exemption where the following conditions are met: (1) the total amount of the non-trading book exposures from the firm to its non-core large exposures group does not exceed 100% of the firm'seligible capital; or (if the firm has a core UK grouppermission) the total amount of non-trading book exposures from its core UK group (including the firm) to its non-core large exposures group does not exceed 100% of the core
IFPRU 8.2.11GRP
The FCA will assess core UK group and non-core large exposure group applications against article 400(2)(c) on a case-by-case basis. The FCA will only approve this treatment for non-core large exposure group undertakings where the conditions in article 400(2)(c) are met. A firm should note that the FCA will still make a wider judgement whether it is appropriate to grant this treatment even where the conditions in article 400(2)(c) are met.
IFPRU 8.2.12RRP
A firm must immediately notify the FCA in writing if it becomes aware that any exposure that it has treated as exempt under IFPRU 8.2.6 R or any counterparty that it has been treating as a member of its non-core large exposures group has ceased to meet the conditions for application of the treatment in this section.
IFPRU 8.2.13RRP
A firm may only make use of the exemptions provided in this section where the following conditions are met:(1) the specific nature of the exposure, the counterparty or the relationship between the firm and the counterparty eliminate or reduce the risk of the exposure; and(2) any remaining concentration risk can be addressed by other equally effective means, such as the arrangements, processes and mechanisms in article 81 of CRD (Concentration risk).[Note: article 400(3) of the
IFPRU 8.2.14GRP
If a firm has an exposure to a person ('A') when A is acting on his own behalf, and also an exposure to A when A acts in his capacity as trustee, custodian or general partner of an investment trust, unit trust, venture capital or other investment fund, pension fund or a similar fund (a "fund"), the firm may treat the latter exposure as if it was to the fund, unless such a treatment would be misleading.
IFPRU 8.2.15GRP
When considering whether the treatment described is misleading, factors a firm should consider include:(1) the degree of independence of control of the fund, including the relation of the fund's board and senior management to the firm or to other funds or to both;(2) the terms on which the counterparty, when acting as trustee, is able to satisfy its obligation to the firm out of the fund of which it is trustee;(3) whether the beneficial owners of the fund are connected to the
IFPRU 8.2.16GRP
In deciding whether a transaction is at arm's length, the following factors should be taken into account:(1) the extent to which the person to whom the firm has an exposure ('A') can influence the firm's operations through, for example, the exercise of voting rights;(2) the management role of A where A is also a director of the firm; and(3) whether the exposure would be subject to the firm's usual monitoring and recovery procedures if repayment difficulties emerged.
BIPRU 11.5.4RRP
A firm must disclose the following information regarding compliance with BIPRU 3, BIPRU 4, 5, BIPRU 7, 5 and the overall Pillar 2 rule:(1) a summary of the firm's approach to assessing the adequacy of its internal capital to support current and future activities;(2) for a firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts in accordance with the standardised approach to credit risk, 8% of the risk weighted exposure amounts for each of the standardised credit risk exposure classes;(3)
BIPRU 11.5.5RRP
For retail exposures, the requirement under BIPRU 11.5.4 R (3) applies to each of the following categories:(1) exposures to retail SMEs;(2) retail exposures secured by real estate collateral;(3) qualifying revolving retail exposures; and(4) other retail exposures.[Note: BCD Annex XII Part 2 point 4(part)]
BIPRU 11.5.6RRP
For equity exposures, the requirement under BIPRU 11.5.4 R (3) applies to:(1) each of the approaches ( the simple risk weight approach, the PD/LGD approach and the internal models approach) provided for in BIPRU 4.7.5 R to BIPRU 4.7.6 R, BIPRU 4.7.9 R to BIPRU 4.7.11 R, BIPRU 4.7.14 R to BIPRU 4.7.16 R, BIPRU 4.7.24 R to BIPRU 4.7.25 R;(2) exchange traded exposures, private equity exposures in sufficiently diversified portfolios, and other exposures;(3) exposures subject to supervisory
BIPRU 11.5.7RRP
A firm must disclose the following information regarding its exposure to counterparty credit risk:(1) a discussion of the methodology used to assign internal capital and credit limits for counterparty credit exposures;(2) a discussion of policies for securing collateral and establishing credit reserves;(3) a discussion of policies with respect to wrong-way riskexposures;(4) a discussion of the impact of the amount of collateral the firm would have to provide given a downgrade
BIPRU 11.5.8RRP
A firm must disclose the following information regarding its exposure to credit risk and dilution risk:(1) the definitions for accounting purposes of past due and impaired;(2) a description of the approaches and methods adopted for determining value adjustments and provisions;(3) the total amount of exposures after accounting offsets and without taking into account the effects of credit risk mitigation, and the average amount of the exposures over the period broken down by different
BIPRU 11.5.9RRP
The information to be disclosed under BIPRU 11.5.8 R (9) must comprise:(1) a description of the type of value adjustments and provisions;(2) the opening balances;(3) the amounts taken against the provisions during the period;(4) the amounts set aside or reversed for estimated probable losses on exposures during the period, any other adjustments including those determined by exchange rate differences, business combinations, acquisitions and disposals of subsidiary undertakings,
BIPRU 11.5.10RRP
For a firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts in accordance with the standardised approach to credit risk, the following information must be disclosed for each of the standardised credit risk exposure classes;(1) the names of the nominated ECAIs and export credit agencies and the reasons for any changes;(2) the standardised credit risk exposure classes for which each ECAI or export credit agency is used;(3) a description of the process used to transfer the issuer and issue
BIPRU 11.5.11RRP
A firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts for specialised lending exposures in accordance with BIPRU 4.5.8 R to BIPRU 4.5.10 R or equity exposures in accordance with BIPRU 4.7.9 R to BIPRU 4.7.10 R (the simple risk weight approach) must disclose the exposures assigned:(1) to each category of the table in BIPRU 4.5.9 R; or(2) to each risk weight mentioned in BIPRU 4.7.9 R to BIPRU 4.7.10 R.[Note: BCD Annex XII Part 2 point 8]
BIPRU 11.5.15RRP
A firm must disclose the following information regarding the exposures in equities not included in the trading book:(1) the differentiation between exposures based on their objectives, including for capital gains relationship and strategic reasons, and an overview of the accounting techniques and valuation methodologies used, including key assumptions and practices affecting valuation and any significant changes in these practices;(2) the balance sheet value, the fair value and,
BIPRU 11.5.16RRP
A firm must disclose the following information on its exposure to interest rate risk on positions not included in the trading book:(1) the nature of the interest rate risk and the key assumptions (including assumptions regarding loan prepayments and behaviour of non-maturity deposits), and frequency of measurement of the interest rate risk; and(2) the variation in earnings, economic value or other relevant measure used by the management for upward and downward rate shocks according
BIPRU 11.5.17RRP
A firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts in accordance with BIPRU 9 or capital resource requirements according to BIPRU 7.2.48A R to BIPRU 7.2.48K R4 must disclose the following information, where relevant separately for its trading book and non-trading book:4(1) a description of the firm's objectives in relation to securitisation activity;(1A) the nature of other risks, including liquidity risk inherent in securitised assets;4(1B) the type of risks in terms of seniority
IFPRU 4.12.1RRP
(1) A firm must notify the FCA that it is relying on the deemed transfer of significant credit risk under article 243(2) of the EU CRR (Traditional securitisation) or article 244(2) of the EU CRR (Synthetic securitisation), including when this is for the purposes of article 337(5) of the EU CRR, no later than one month after the date of the transfer.(2) The notification in (1) must include sufficient information to allow the FCA to assess whether the possible reduction in risk-weighted
IFPRU 4.12.2GRP
An originator of securitisations is able to use the securitisation risk weights (and not calculate own funds requirements on the assets underlying its securitisation) in either of the following cases:(1) the firm transfers significant credit risk associated with the securitisedexposures to third parties; or(2) the firm deducts from common equity tier 1 capital or applies a 1250% risk weight to all positions it holds in the securitisation.
IFPRU 4.12.3GRP
The significant risk transfer requirements in articles 243 (Traditional securitisation) or 244 (Synthetic securitisation) of the EU CRR provide three options for a firm to demonstrate how it transfers significant credit risk for any given transaction:(1) the originator does not retain more than 50% of the risk-weighted exposure amounts of mezzanine securitisation positions, where these are:(a) securitisation positions to which a risk weight lower than 1250% applies; and(b) more
IFPRU 4.12.5GRP
Where the FCA considers that the possible reduction in risk-weighted exposure amounts (RWEA) achieved via the securitisation is not justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties, significant risk transfer will be considered to not have been achieved. Consequently, a firm will not be able to recognise any reduction in RWEA due to the transaction.
IFPRU 4.12.10GRP
Notification under IFPRU 4.12.1 G should include sufficient information to enable the FCA to assess whether the possible reduction in RWEA which would be achieved by the securitisation is justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties. The FCA expects this to include the following:(1) details of the securitisation positions, including rating, exposure value and RWEA broken down by securitisation positions sold and retained;(2) key transaction documentation
IFPRU 4.12.11GRP
The FCA's review will focus on the proportion of credit risk transferred, compared to the proportion by which RWEA are reduced in the transaction. Where the FCA judges that the reduction in RWEA is not justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties, it will inform the firm that significant risk transfer has not been achieved by this transaction. Otherwise, the FCA will inform the firm that it does not object to the transaction.
IFPRU 4.12.18GRP
The FCA intends to apply two materiality limits to the proportion of risk-weighted exposure amount (RWEA) relief that can be taken under any permission covering multiple transactions:(1) transaction level limit any transaction that would, in principle, be within the scope of the permission, but that resulted in an RWEA reduction exceeding 1% of the firm's credit risk-related RWEAs as at the date of the firm's most recent regulatory return, will fall outside the scope of a multiple
IFPRU 4.12.23GRP
Given that significant risk transfer should be met on a continuing basis, permissions will typically include a requirement to notify the FCA of any change in circumstances from those under which the permission was granted (eg, where the amount of credit risk transfer had changed materially). Any reduction in credit risk transfer subsequent to the permission being granted will require the firm to take a commensurate reduction in RWEA relief. If a firm does not effect a commensurate
IFPRU 4.12.24GRP
An originator must transfer a significant amount of credit risk associated with securitisedexposures to third parties to be able to apply the securitisation risk weights set out in Part Three, Title II, Chapter 5 of the EU CRR (Securitisation), and any associated reduction in own funds requirements must be matched by a commensurate transfer of risk to third parties.
IFPRU 4.12.38GRP
The FCA expects relevant senior management of a firm to be appropriately engaged in the execution of securitisation transactions that lead to a reduction in RWEA where the firm is providing or purchasing structured trades.
IFPRU 4.12.42GRP
Where a firm achieves significant risk transfer for a particular transaction, the FCA expects it to continue to monitor risks related to the transaction to which it may still be exposed. The firm should consider capital planning implications of securitised assets returning to its balance sheet. The EU CRR requires a firm to conduct regular stress testing of its securitisation activities and off-balance sheet exposures. The stress tests should consider the firm-wide impact of stressed
BIPRU 9.11.1RRP
Subject to BIPRU 9.11.5 R, the risk weighted exposure amount of a rated securitisation position or resecuritisation position2 must be calculated by applying to the exposure value the risk weight associated with the credit quality step with which the credit assessment has been determined to be associated, as prescribed in BIPRU 9.11.2 R .2[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 6]2
BIPRU 9.11.4RRP
Subject to BIPRU 9.11.6 RBIPRU 9.11.12 R, the risk weighted exposure amount of an unratedsecuritisation position must be calculated by applying a risk weight of 1250%.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 7]
BIPRU 9.11.5RRP
For an originator or sponsor, the risk weighted exposure amounts calculated in respect of its positions in a securitisation may be limited to the risk weighted exposure amounts which would be calculated for the securitised exposures had they not been securitised subject to the presumed application of a 150% risk weight to all past due items and items belonging to regulatory high risk categories (see BIPRU 3.4.104 R and BIPRU 3 Annex 3 R) amongst the securitised exposures.[Note:BCD
BIPRU 9.11.6RRP
(1) A firm having an unratedsecuritisation position may apply the treatment set out in this paragraph for calculating the risk weighted exposure amount for that position provided the composition of the pool of exposuressecuritised is known at all times.(2) A firm may apply the weighted-average risk weight that would be applied to the securitised exposures referred to in (1) under the standardised approach by a firm holding the exposures multiplied by a concentration ratio.(3)
BIPRU 9.11.7GRP
(1) This provision contains guidance on the requirement in BIPRU 9.11.6 R (1) that the composition of the pool of exposuressecuritised must be known at all times.(2) The composition should be known sufficiently at the time of purchase for the firm to be able accurately to calculate the risk weighted exposure amounts of the pool under the standardised approach.(3) Thereafter, any change to the composition of the pool during the life of the transaction that would lead to an increase
BIPRU 9.11.8RRP
Subject to the availability of a more favourable treatment by virtue of the provisions concerning liquidity facilities in BIPRU 9.11.10 RBIPRU 9.11.12 R, a firm may apply to securitisation positions meeting the conditions set out in BIPRU 9.11.9 R a risk weight that is the greater of:(1) 100%, or(2) the highest of the risk weights that would be applied to any of the securitised exposures under the standardised approach by a firm holding the exposures.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4
BIPRU 9.11.10RRP
When the conditions in this paragraph have been met, and in order to determine its exposure value, a conversion figure of 50% may be applied to the nominal amount of a liquidity facility. The risk weight to be applied is the highest risk weight that would be applied to any of the securitised exposures under the standardised approach by a firm holding the exposures. Those conditions are as follows:11(1) the liquidity facility documentation must clearly identify and limit the circumstances
BIPRU 9.11.12RRP
To determine its exposure value, a conversion figure of 0% may be applied to the nominal amount of a liquidity facility that is unconditionally cancellable provided that the conditions set out at BIPRU 9.11.10 R are satisfied and that repayment of draws on the facility are senior to any other claims on the cash flows arising from the securitised exposures.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 15]
BIPRU 9.11.13RRP
Where a firm calculates the risk weighted exposure amount of a securitisation position under the standardised approach, where credit protection is obtained on a securitisation position, the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts may be modified in accordance with BIPRU 5 (Credit risk mitigation).[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 34]
MIPRU 4.2E.1RRP
1For the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts, a firm must use solicited credit assessments from ECAIs in the following manner: (1) consistently and in accordance with this section; and(2) not selectively.
MIPRU 4.2E.5RRP
A firm which uses the credit assessments produced by a nominated ECAI for a certain exposure class must use those credit assessments consistently for all exposures belonging to that class.
MIPRU 4.2E.6RRP
If only one credit assessment is available from a nominated ECAI for a rated item, that credit assessment must be used to determine the risk weight for that item.
MIPRU 4.2E.9RRP
Where a credit assessment exists for a specific issuing programme or facility to which the item constituting the exposure belongs, this credit assessment must be used to determine the risk weight to be assigned to that item.
MIPRU 4.2E.10RRP
Where no directly applicable credit assessment exists for a certain item but a general credit assessment exists for the issuer, that general credit assessment must be used where it produces either of the following:(1) a higher risk weight than would otherwise be the case;(2) a lower risk weight and the exposure in question ranks as equally senior or senior in all respects to senior unsecured exposures of that issuer, as relevant.
MIPRU 4.2E.12RRP
A credit assessment that refers to an item denominated in the borrower's domestic currency cannot be used to derive a risk weight for another exposure on that same borrower that is denominated in a foreign currency.
MIPRU 4.2E.13RRP
Exposures for which a credit assessment by a nominated ECAI is available must be assigned a credit quality step according to the table in MIPRU 4.2E.14 R.
MIPRU 4.2E.14RRP

Table: Exposures for which a credit assessment by a nominated ECAI is available

This table belongs to MIPRU 4.2E.13 R.

Credit Quality Step

1

2

3

4

5

6

Credit assessment

Fitch

AAA to AA-

A+ to A-

BBB+ to BBB-

BB+ to BB-

B+ to B-

CCC+ and below

Moody’s

Aaa to Aa3

A1 to A3

Baa1 to Baa3

Ba1 to Ba3

B1 to B3

Caa1 and below

S & P

AAA to AA-

A+ to A-

BBB+ to BBB-

BB+ to BB-

B+ to B-

CCC+ and below

DBRS

AAA to AAL

AH to AL

BBBH to BBBL

BBH to BBL

BH to BL

CCCH and below

BIPRU 5.7.1RRP
The following parties may be recognised as eligible providers of unfunded credit protection:(1) central governments and central banks;(2) regional governments or local authorities;(3) multilateral development banks;(4) international organisationsexposures which are assigned a 0% risk weight under the standardised approach;(5) public sector entities, claims on which are treated as claims on institutions or central governments under the standardised approach;(6) institutions;(7)
BIPRU 5.7.4RRP
When a firm conducts an internal hedge using a credit derivative – i.e. hedges the credit risk of an exposure in the non-trading book with a credit derivative booked in the trading book – in order for the protection to be recognised as eligible for the purposes of BIPRU 4.10 or BIPRU 5 the credit risk transferred to the trading book must be transferred out to a third party or parties. In such circumstances, subject to the compliance of such transfer with the requirements for the
BIPRU 5.7.6RRP
Subject to BIPRU 5.7.9 R, for the credit protection deriving from a guarantee or credit derivative to be recognised the following conditions must be met:(1) the credit protection must be direct;(2) the extent of the credit protection must be clearly defined and incontrovertible;(3) the credit protection contract must not contain any clause, the fulfilment of which is outside the direct control of the lender, that:(a) would allow the protection provider unilaterally to cancel the
BIPRU 5.7.9RRP
Where an exposure is protected by a guarantee which is counter-guaranteed by a central government or central bank, a regional government or local authority or a public sector entity claims on which are treated as claims on the central government in whose jurisdiction they are established under the standardised approach, a multilateral development bank or an international organisation,1to which a 0% risk weight is assigned under or by virtue of the standardised approach, or a public
BIPRU 5.7.10RRP
The treatment of BIPRU 5.7.9 R applies, also, to an exposure which is not counter-guaranteed by an entity listed in that rule if the exposure's counter-guarantee is in its turn directly guaranteed by one of the listed entities and the conditions listed in BIPRU 5.7.9 R are satisfied.[Note: BCD Annex VIII Part 2 point 17]
BIPRU 5.7.16RRP
(1) The value of unfunded credit protection (G) is the amount that the protection provider has undertaken to pay in the event of the default or non-payment of the borrower or on the occurrence of other specified credit events.(2) In the case of credit derivatives which do not include as a credit event restructuring of the underlying obligation involving forgiveness or postponement of principal, interest or fees that result in a credit loss event (e.g. value adjustment, the making
BIPRU 5.7.17RRP
Where unfunded credit protection is denominated in a currency different from that in which the exposure is denominated (a currency mismatch) the value of the credit protection must be reduced by the application of a volatility adjustment HFX as follows:G* = G x (1-HFX)where:(1) G is the nominal amount of the credit protection;(2) G* is G adjusted for any foreign currency risk; and(3) Hfx is the volatility adjustment for any currency mismatch between the credit protection and the
BIPRU 5.7.23RRP
For the purposes of BIPRU 3.2.20 R to BIPRU 3.2.26 R, g shall be the risk weight to be assigned to an exposure, the exposure value (E) of1 which is fully protected by unfunded credit protection (GA), where:(1) g is the risk weight of exposures to the protection provider as specified under the standardised approach; 1(2) GA is the value of G* as calculated under BIPRU 5.7.17 R further adjusted for any maturity mismatch as laid down in BIPRU 5.8; and1(3) 1E is the exposure value
BIPRU 5.7.24RRP
Where the protected amount is less than the exposure value and the protected and unprotected portions are of equal seniority – i.e.1 the firm and the protection provider share losses on a pro-rata basis, proportional regulatory capital relief is afforded. For the purposes of BIPRU 3.2.20 R to BIPRU 3.2.26 Rrisk weighted exposure amounts must be calculated in accordance with the following formula:(E-GA) x r + GA x gwhere:1(1) E is the exposure value; according to BIPRU 3.2.1 R
BIPRU 5.7.25RRP
A firm may apply the treatment provided for in BIPRU 3.4.5 R to BIPRU 3.4.7 R to exposures or parts of exposures guaranteed by the central government or central bank, where the guarantee is denominated in the domestic currency of the borrower and the exposure is funded in that currency.[Note: BCD Annex VIII Part 3 point 89]
BIPRU 5.7.27RRP
Where a firm obtains credit protection for a number of exposures under terms that the first default among the exposures will trigger payment and that this credit event will terminate the contract, the firm may modify the calculation of the risk weighted exposure amount and, as relevant, the expected loss amount of the exposure which would in the absence of the credit protection produce the lowest risk weighted exposure amount under the standardised approach or the IRB approach
BIPRU 5.7.28RRP
Where the nth default among the exposures triggers payment under the credit protection provided by a credit derivative, a firm purchasing the protection may only recognise the protection for the calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts and, as relevant, expected loss amounts if protection has also been obtained for defaults 1 to n-1 or when n-1 defaults have already occurred. In such cases the methodology must follow that set out in BIPRU 5.7.27 R for first-to-default derivatives
BIPRU 7.8.6GRP
The net underwriting position calculated in BIPRU 7.8.17R will also be used in calculating the net underwriting exposure under BIPRU 7.8.34R.
BIPRU 7.8.31RRP
For the purposes of calculating the total amount of its trading bookexposures to a person for concentration risk purposes, a firm must include net underwriting exposure to that person.
BIPRU 7.8.32RRP
A firm must include any other exposures arising out of underwriting (including any counterparty exposures to any sub-underwriters) for the purposes of calculating the total amount of its trading bookexposures to a person for concentration risk purposes.
BIPRU 7.8.34RRP
Except where otherwise specified by a requirement on its Part 4A permission, a firm must calculate the net underwriting exposure to an issuer by applying the relevant reduction factors in the table in BIPRU 7.8.35R to its net underwriting position calculated under BIPRU 7.8.17R.
BIPRU 7.8.35RRP

Table: Calculation of net underwriting exposure

This table belongs to BIPRU 7.8.34R

Time

Reduction factor to be applied to net underwriting position

Initial commitment to working day 0

100%

Working day 0

100%

Working day 1

90%

Working day 2

75%

Working day 3

75%

Working day 4

50%

Working day 5

25%

Working day 6 onwards

0%

BIPRU 7.8.36GRP
The effect of BIPRU 7.8.34R is that there is no concentration limit for net underwriting exposures between initial commitment and the end of working day 0, except where specified by a requirement on a firm'sPart 4A permission.
BIPRU 7.8.37RRP
For the purposes of concentration risk monitoring only, a firm must report its net underwriting exposure both before and after the application of the reduction factors in the table in BIPRU 7.8.35R.
BIPRU 7.8.38RRP
A firm must take reasonable steps to establish and maintain such systems and controls to monitor and manage its underwriting and sub-underwriting business as are appropriate to the nature, scale and complexity of its underwriting and sub-underwriting business. In particular, a firm must have systems to monitor and control its underwritingexposures between the time of the initial commitment and working day one in the light of the nature of the risks incurred in the markets in
BIPRU 7.8.39GRP
A firm should take reasonable steps to:(1) allocate responsibility for the management of its underwriting and sub-underwriting business;(2) allocate adequate resources to monitor and control its underwriting and sub-underwriting business;(3) satisfy itself that its systems to monitor exposure to counterparties will calculate, revise and update its exposure to each counterparty arising from its underwriting or sub-underwriting business;(4) satisfy itself of the suitability of each
BIPRU 13.4.3RRP
A firm must obtain a figure for potential future credit exposure by multiplying the notional principal amounts or underlying values by the percentages in the table in BIPRU 13.4.5 R.[Note: BCD Annex III Part 3, Step (b) (part)]
BIPRU 13.4.8RRP
For contracts that are structured to settle outstanding exposure following specified payment dates and where the terms are reset such that the market value of the contract is zero on these specified dates, a firm must treat the residual maturity as equal to the time until the next reset date.[Note: BCD Annex III Part 3, Table 1 footnote 27 (part)]
BIPRU 13.4.10RRP
For the purpose of calculating the potential future credit exposure in accordance with BIPRU 13.4.3 R a firm may apply the percentages in the table in BIPRU 13.4.11 R instead of those prescribed in the table in BIPRU 13.4.5 R provided that it makes use of the commodity extended maturity ladder approach for contracts relating to commodities other than gold.
BIPRU 13.4.11RRP

This table belongs to BIPRU 13.4.10 R

Residual maturity

Precious metals (except gold)

Base metals

Agricultural products (softs)

Other, including energy products

One year or less

2%

2,5%

3%

4%

Over one year, not exceeding five years

5%

4%

5%

6%

Over five years

7.5%

8%

9%

10%

[Note: BCD Annex III Part 3, Table 2]

BIPRU 13.4.12RRP
A firm must calculate the exposure value as the sum of:(1) the current replacement cost calculated under BIPRU 13.4.2 R; and(2) the potential future credit exposure calculated under BIPRU 13.4.3 R.[Note: BCD Annex III Part 3, Step (c)]
BIPRU 13.4.14GRP
For the purposes of calculating the replacement cost, where an exposure relates to collateral posted to cover a negative mark to market position on a derivative contract, the negative mark to market exposure may be offset against the collateral exposure if the requirements in BIPRU 5 are met.
BIPRU 13.4.17RRP
In application of the CCR mark to market method:(1) in BIPRU 13.4.2 R a firm may obtain the current replacement cost for the contracts included in a netting agreement by taking account of the actual hypothetical net replacement cost which results from the agreement; in the case where netting leads to a net obligation for the firm calculating the net replacement cost, the current replacement cost is calculated as "0"; and(2) in BIPRU 13.4.3 R a firm may reduce the figure for potential
BIPRU 13.4.18RRP
For the calculation of the potential future credit exposure according to the formula in BIPRU 13.4.17 R perfectly matching contracts included in the netting agreement may be taken into account as a single contract with a notional principal equivalent to the net receipts.[Note: BCD Annex III Part 7 point c(ii) (part)]
IFPRU 4.7.1GRP
The FCA expects a firm to ensure that no LGD estimate is less than zero.
IFPRU 4.7.2GRP
The FCA does not expect a firm to be using zero LGD estimates in cases other than where it had cash collateral supporting the exposures.
IFPRU 4.7.6GRP
To ensure that estimates of LGDs take into account the most up-to-date experience, the FCA expects a firm to take account of data for relevant incomplete workouts (ie, defaulted exposures for which the recovery process is still in progress, with the result that the final realised losses in respect of those exposures are not yet certain) (see article 179(1)(c) of the EU CRR).
IFPRU 4.7.7GRP
To ensure that sovereign LGD models are sufficiently conservative in view of the estimation error that may arise from the lack of data on losses to sovereigns, the FCA expects a firm to apply a 45% LGD floor to each unsecured exposure in the sovereign asset class (see article 179(1)(a) of the EU CRR).
IFPRU 4.7.10GRP
To ensure that its LGD estimates are oriented towards downturn conditions, the FCA expects a firm to have a process through which it:(1) identifies appropriate downturn conditions for each IRB exposure class within each jurisdiction;(2) identifies adverse dependencies, if any, between default rates and recovery rates; and(3) incorporates adverse dependencies, if identified, between default rates and recovery rates in the firm's estimates of LGD in a manner that meets the requirements
IFPRU 4.7.11GRP
To ensure that its LGD estimates incorporate material discount effects, the FCA expects a firm's methods for discounting cash flows to take account of the uncertainties associated with the receipt of recoveries for a defaulted exposure. For example, by adjusting cash flows to certainty-equivalents or by using a discount rate that embodies an appropriate risk premium; or by a combination of the two.
IFPRU 4.7.13GRP
The FCA expects a firm using advanced IRB approaches to have done the following in respect of wholesale LGD estimates:(1) applied LGD estimates at transaction level;(2) ensured that all LGD estimates (both downturn and non-downturn) are cautious, conservative and justifiable, given the paucity of observations. Under article 179(1)(a) of the EU CRR, estimates must be derived using both historical experience and empirical evidence, and not be based purely on judgemental consideration.
IFPRU 4.7.18GRP
The extent to which a borrower's assets are already given as collateral will clearly affect the recoveries available to unsecured creditors. If the degree to which assets are pledged is substantial, this will be a material driver of LGDs on such exposures. Although potentially present in all transactions, the FCA expects a firm to be particularly aware of this driver in situations in which borrowing on a secured basis is the normal form of financing, leaving relatively few assets
BIPRU 9.9.1RRP
To calculate the risk weighted exposure amount of a securitisation position, the relevant risk weight must be assigned to the exposure value of the position in accordance with BIPRU 9.9 - BIPRU 9.14 based on the credit quality of the position.[Note:BCD Article 96(1) (part) and Annex IX1, Part 4 point 1]
BIPRU 9.9.3RRP
(1) Where there is an exposure to different tranches in a securitisation, the exposure to each tranche must be considered a separate securitisation position.(2) The providers of credit protection to securitisation positions must be treated as holding positions in the securitisation.(3) securitisation positions include exposures to a securitisation arising from interest rate or currency derivative contracts.[Note:BCD Article 96(2)]
BIPRU 9.9.4RRP
Subject to BIPRU 9.9.5 R,(1) where a firm calculates risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach to securitisations outlined in BIPRU 9.11, the exposure value of an on-balance sheet securitisation position must be its balance sheet value;(2) where a firm calculates risk weighted exposure amounts under the IRB approach to securitisations outlined in BIPRU 9.12, the exposure value of an on-balance sheet securitisation position must be measured gross of value adjustments;(3)
BIPRU 9.9.5RRP
The exposure value of a securitisation position arising from a financial derivative instrument must be determined in accordance with BIPRU 13 (Treatment of derivative instruments).[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 3]
BIPRU 9.9.6RRP
Where a securitisation position is subject to funded credit protection, the exposure value of that position may be modified in accordance with and subject to the requirements of BIPRU 5 (Credit risk mitigation) as further specified in BIPRU 9.11.13 R and BIPRU 9.14.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 4 point 4]
BIPRU 9.9.8RRP
(1) Where a firm has two or more overlapping positions in a securitisation the firm must, to the extent that the positions overlap, include in its calculation of risk weighted exposure amounts only the position, or portion of a position, producing the higher risk weighted exposure amounts. The firm may also recognise such an overlap between capital charges for specific risk in relation to positions in the trading book and capital charges for positions in the non-trading book,
BIPRU 9.9.9RRP
Subject to the provisions of GENPRU that deal with the deduction of securitisation positions at stage M in the relevant capital resources table, the risk weighted exposure amount must be included in the firm's total of risk weighted exposure amounts for the purposes of the calculation of its credit risk capital requirement.[Note:BCD Article 96(4)]
BIPRU 9.5.1RRP
(1) An originator of a synthetic securitisation may calculate risk weighted exposure amounts1, and, as relevant, expected loss amounts, for the securitised exposures in accordance with BIPRU 9.5.3 R and BIPRU 9.5.4 R, if either of the following conditions is fulfilled:1(a) 1significant credit risk is considered to have been transferred to third parties, either through funded or unfunded credit protection; or(b) 1the originator applies a 1250% risk weight to all securitisation
BIPRU 9.5.1FGRP
1In the event that the appropriate regulator decides that the possible reduction in risk weighted exposure amounts which the originatorcredit institution would achieve by the securitisation referred to in BIPRU 9.5.1R (6) is not justified by a commensurate transfer of credit risk to third parties, it will use its powers under section 55J (Variation etc on the Authority's own initiative) of the Act to require the firm to increase its risk weight exposure amount to an amount commensurate
BIPRU 9.5.2RRP
BIPRU 9.5.3 R-BIPRU 9.5.8 R apply to the calculation by an originator of risk weighted exposure amounts for exposuressecuritised in a synthetic securitisation.
BIPRU 9.5.3RRP
(1) In calculating risk weighted exposure amounts for the securitised exposures, where the conditions in BIPRU 9.5.1 R are met, the originator of a synthetic securitisation must, subject to the treatment of maturity mismatches set out in BIPRU 9.5.6 R-BIPRU 9.5.8 R, use the relevant calculation methodologies set out in BIPRU 9.9-BIPRU 9.14and not those set out in BIPRU 3 (Standardised credit risk) or BIPRU 4 (IRB approach).(2) For firms calculating risk weighted exposure amounts
BIPRU 9.5.4RRP
Subject to the treatment of maturity mismatches set out in BIPRU 9.5.6 R-BIPRU 9.5.8 R, the originator must calculate risk weighted exposure amounts in respect of all tranches in the securitisation in accordance with the provisions of BIPRU 9.9-BIPRU 9.14. For example, where a tranche is transferred by means of unfunded credit protection to a third party, the risk weight of that third party must be applied to the tranche in the calculation of the originatorsrisk weighted exposure
BIPRU 9.5.6RRP
For the purposes of calculating risk weighted exposure amounts in accordance with BIPRU 9.5.3 R, any maturity mismatch between the credit protection by which the tranching is achieved and the securitised exposures must be taken into consideration in accordance with BIPRU 9.5.7 R-BIPRU 9.5.8 R.[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 2 point 5]
BIPRU 9.5.7RRP
The maturity of the securitised exposures must be taken to be the longest maturity of any of those exposures subject to a maximum of five years. The maturity of the credit protection must be determined in accordance with BIPRU 5 (Credit risk mitigation) and, so far as relevant, BIPRU 4.10 (Credit risk mitigation under the IRB approach).[Note:BCD Annex IX Part 2 point 6]
BIPRU 9.5.8RRP
(1) An originator must ignore any maturity mismatch in calculating risk weighted exposure amounts for tranches appearing pursuant to BIPRU 9.9-BIPRU 9.14 with a risk weight of 1250%. For all other tranches the maturity mismatch treatment prescribed in BIPRU 5.8 (Maturity mismatches) must be applied in accordance with the following formula:RW* is [RW(SP) x (t-t*)/(T-t*)] + [RW(Ass) x (T-t)/(T-t*)](2) The following apply for the purposes of the formula in (1):(a) RW* is risk weighted
BIPRU 13.8.2RRP
Subject to BIPRU 13.8.3 R, in respect of a securities financing transaction, if a firm:(1) has a CCR internal model method permission which covers the transaction; or(2) has a master netting agreement internal models approach permission which covers the transaction;then the firm must use the CCR internal model method approach or the master netting agreement internal models approach, as applicable, to calculate the exposure value for that transaction unless an exception in BIPRU
BIPRU 13.8.3RRP
If a firm has a CCR internal model method permission and a master netting agreement internal models approach permission, and both cover a securities financing transaction, then the firm may choose which of those approaches it wishes to use to calculate the exposure value for that transaction.
BIPRU 13.8.4RRP
Where BIPRU 13.8.2 R does not apply, a firm must use one of the following approaches to determine the exposure value of a securities financing transaction, as appropriate:(1) if the transaction is covered by a master netting agreement which satisfies the requirements for recognition set out in BIPRU 5.6.1 R to BIPRU 5.6.3 R, a firm may calculate the exposure value under the master netting agreement method set out in BIPRU 5.6.5 R to BIPRU 5.6.11 R (Calculation of the fully adjusted
BIPRU 13.8.5GRP
A firm calculating risk weighted exposure amounts under the standardised approach to credit risk will not be eligible to use the approach in BIPRU 13.8.4 R (1) if it is using the financial collateral simple method to determine the effects of credit risk mitigation, as set out in BIPRU 5.4.16 R.
BIPRU 13.8.6GRP
If a firm calculates the exposure value of a securities financing transaction as its on-balance sheet value, in accordance with BIPRU 13.8.4 R (2), it may recognise the effects of financial collateral in the same way as for its other exposures, for example by using either the financial collateral simple method or the financial collateral comprehensive method. However firms should note that the financial collateral simple method is not available:(1) to a firm using the IRB approach
BIPRU 13.8.7RRP
Notwithstanding BIPRU 13.8.2 R, a firm must determine the exposure value of a credit risk exposure outstanding with a central counterparty in accordance with BIPRU 13.8.8 R1, provided that the central counterparty'scounterparty credit riskexposures with all participants in its arrangements are fully collateralised on a daily basis.[Note: BCD Article 78(4) in respect of SFTs]
BIPRU 13.8.8RRP
A firm may attribute an exposure value of zero for CCR to a securities financing transaction or to any other exposures in respect of that transaction (but excluding an exposure arising from collateral held to mitigate losses in the event of the default of other participants in the central counterparty's arrangements) which is outstanding with a central counterparty and has not been rejected by the central counterparty.[Note: BCD Annex III Part 2 point 6 in respect of SFTs]